There are many things that parents do when they are going through a separation from a partner or a divorce where a parent could lose custody - or impact their rights to make decisions for their minor children going forward, or which could thwart their parenting time schedule. Illinois no longer uses the term “custody". Instead, the major decisions that need to be made relative to a child’s healthcare, education, extra-curricular activities and religion are now allocated as “parental responsibilities” between both parties, or to one party. This was formerly what we called legal custody. There is also now a parenting time schedule in Illinois that dictates where the minor children are on which days, and with which parents, which is called the parenting time schedule. Both of these things can be severely impacted when two parents cannot “play nice in the sandbox” and it is important to know situations where your rights could be impacted, based upon your behavior. There are several major reasons which could contribute to parents losing parenting time or allocation of parental responsibilities.
1. Mediation is a Failure. One reason a parent may lose custody of their child is mediation is a failure. Absent an order of protection being in place between the parties, or another impediment to mediation, the parties will likely be ordered to mediate child custody matters before the court will adjudicate any issues between the parties. If mediation fails, the Court may appoint a guardian ad litem (GAL). Mediation fails when parties are so far apart that they cannot come to an agreement on their own. Mediation completely failing is always going to be a bad sign to the Court, because parties should be able to agree on certain things for the best interests of their minor children. Parties who can at least come to a partial agreement, if not a full agreement in mediation, demonstrate the willingness and ability to work together. The Court is only going to award joint allocation of parental responsibilities to parents who stand a chance at resolving their differences in mediation. So, if mediation completely fails, the odds of both parents being allocated joint parental responsibilities significantly decreases. This will cause more litigation and more expense for the parents, as well as additional stress. 2. A Parent Does Not Facilitate a Relationship between the Child and the Other Parent (sometimes arising to what is called “alienation” of the child). When parents fail to facilitate their child's relationship with the other parent that parent could lose custody. In fact, this is the worst offender by far in child custody or allocation of parental responsibility and parenting time cases. Parents who do not facilitate a relationship between their child and the other parent stand to lose not only their decision-making abilities but also parenting time. Parents may think they are being supportive of their children’s wishes by letting them “drive the bus” or they may believe their children have a “right to know” things that they genuinely have zero need to know. Certain issues are just between the adults, and many parents going through a separation or divorce are stressed and anxious and can no longer tell when they are “crossing the line”. The best thing that a parent can do is facilitate a relationship between the other parent and the child, absent extenuating circumstances (i.e. domestic violence, abuse, etc.) This shows the court that you are committed to what is best for your children, over and above your own self-serving interests for revenge and the like. Your ability to put your child's needs above your own is probably one of the biggest things a court will look at when deciding the allocation of parenting time and parental responsibilities, so it is extremely important. 3. A Parent is Just Too Difficult for the Other Parent to Work With. This may come as a surprise, but it is possible for a parent to lose custody of their child for being uncooperative and difficult. It is baffling how many clients who are ordered to use a parenting app, such as Our Family Wizard or Talking Parents, are still not able to communicate in an effective way. These co-parenting apps are often ordered by the Court to create a record of the conversations between parties in a divorce or separation. The Court will review certified transcripts of the conversations, which demonstrates the tone of the messages, times and dates messages are sent/received/viewed (or if they are received, but not viewed) as well as more information. Even knowing this record is being made for the Court, some parties cannot help themselves from displaying their animosity toward each other. The same thing happens in emails and text messages. Write the message as if the Judge and/or GAL will be reading it. They aren’t going to agree with your points and think you are vindicated by acting negatively or rudely to the other parent. In fact, they are more likely to say that you are the difficult one and, as a result, they aren’t going to try to force the other party to co-parent with you. If you are too difficult to work with “on paper” the odds are the Court will not force someone to try and work together with you to make joint decisions. And, if you press to a custody hearing on the allocation of parental responsibilities, it also looks bad for your case for sole decision making if you cannot communicate effectively because it shows the Court you are not going to be effective in notifying the other parent regarding decisions which were made and information sharing. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/child-custody/top-3-reasons-parents-lose-custody-of-their-children-in-chicago-family-court/
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In my experience as a Chicago divorce attorney, when it comes to which spouse initiates a divorce in a marriage it is more often the wife. Of course, there are plenty of husbands who file for divorce but in a typical case, it is the wife.
Insights from a Chicago Divorce Attorney I presume that the reason for women filing first is because it is more often the wife who will search out an attorney to talk to about divorce and schedule a consultation with a divorce lawyer to talk about what is going on in the marriage and her reasons for thinking of filing for divorce. Once the wife has the consultation with a lawyer and gathers the information, she has the tools to move forward and has started to develop a relationship with an attorney who can represent her so she feels more comfortable filing. Men also initiate divorce and they also are the ones who have reached out and obtained information through a consultation with a divorce lawyer. Once either party - the husband or the wife - has been provided with the information about the Illinois divorce process and how things may look at the end, they can then make the decision about filing for divorce. When the marriage is not going well it often confusing and concerning to both spouses how a divorce would work and how things would change. And we all know that change is hard - especially in relationships. Once you decide to get a divorce and talk with an experienced attorney who can assure you that it is not the end of the world and how things may look once you get a divorce, there is comfort in moving forward if that is what you believe is best for you personally and your family. Who Initiates a Divorce Does Not Matter It is important to keep in mind that it does not matter who files for divorce – the person who files is the "Petitioner" and the person who responds to the filing is called the "Respondent." The courts do not give more deference either way to the Petitioner or Respondent. The courts are not concerned with who filed the case. Both parties are on equal footing when it comes to being a Petitioner or Respondent in a divorce in Chicago. The court is not concerned with why the divorce has been filed since conduct does not matter when it comes to dividing assets and liabilities. The only time conduct comes into play is when children are involved and conduct affects the best interest of the children. You could have been the best wife in the world or the worst and the property division in your divorce would not take your conduct, standing alone, into account. Some Conduct May Matter In the news recently is Ben Zobrist’s wife Julianna Zobrist who claimed in her divorce filing that Ben had failed to preserve marital assets by taking a leave of absence from the Chicago Cubs (in May of 2019). That leave of absence resulted in a reduction in his income. Julianna Zobrist has requested an award of the money that Ben did not earn due to his leave of absence. This is an example of conduct that, if proven to be done intentionally and voluntarily to reduce income solely for the purpose of dissipating the marital estate or to reduce liability for spousal maintenance, would be considered in the division of marital property. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/divorce/who-typically-initiates-a-divorce-in-a-marriage/ Once people get engaged, they often start getting all the planning and details of the wedding ready. There are plans for the wedding dress, the bridesmaids, planning the honeymoon, and the gift registry, but very little planning goes into whether a premarital or prenup agreement is needed. If you are a young Chicago couple and have no assets, then maybe you will elect not to get a prenuptial agreement. However, even young couples with no assets can benefit from a prenuptial agreement. There should at least be a discussion as to whether a prenup agreement may be necessary long term or not.
What Are Some Reasons Why You Would Want to Consider a Prenup Agreement? First of all, you should know what a premarital agreement is and the implications of having one or not having one. A prenup or prenuptial agreement - also called a premarital agreement - is a document that lays out the financial terms of a marriage. It is a contract between the two of you. People enter into contracts before the marriage, called a prenuptial agreement and after the marriage as well, called a postnuptial agreement. These contracts require each side to disclose all of their assets. You will be giving up certain assets you might otherwise be entitled to, and you cannot effectively give them up or waive them if even you did not know the asset existed. 1. You Have Significant Assets to Protect One reason people decide to get a prenuptial agreement is when there are significant assets to protect. If your parents own a company or business and you are only an employee now but believe someday you will be taking over the business, you should consider getting an agreement in place. The prenuptial agreement can protect this future business interest in the event of a divorce. 2. Planning Ahead for Specific Financial Decisions Another reason a prenuptial agreement can be beneficial to determine now before there are problems in a marriage is to decide just how specific financial decisions will be made in the event of a divorce. Perhaps the agreement will state that both sides have agreed to be financially independent and no maintenance (used to be called alimony) will be paid to the other. Or each side will agree to pay their own attorney fees in the event of a divorce. 3. Your Soon-to-Be Spouse has Significant Debt If your soon-to-be spouse is carrying a lot of debt, you may want to consider a prenuptial agreement. If your fiance has credit card debt you do not want to transfer that high-interest debt into a second mortgage on the home to save money, only to find yourself responsible for half of it in the event of a divorce. A prenuptial agreement can lay down the exact terms to deal with debt like this. 4. You Have Proceeds from the Sale of a Home Prior to the Marriage Additionally, if you just sold your home prior to the marriage and you want to use your $100,000 from the proceeds to buy another house, do you want the first $100,000 to be awarded to you in the event of a divorce? I bet you will. If you do not protect this money by way of a prenuptial agreement before the marriage, you will lose this money in a divorce. Once you buy a new house with your spouse, the court will consider this money a “gift” to the marriage and you will not be able to recoup it. This is another reason for people to consider a prenuptial agreement. 5. This Will Be Your Second Marriage Second marriages see a higher rate of prenuptial agreements. And with good reason. If one of the spouses has already been through a divorce, a prenuptial agreement makes a lot of sense to them. Particularly if they were put in a situation of having to pay spousal maintenance or they got stuck having to pay the debts off from their now ex-spouse. If You Are Getting Married, You Should Feel Comfortable Enough to Discuss Your Finances A prenup agreement identifies all of the assets each person owns and specifies what each person’s rights will be when the marriage ends. Some people feel that it leaves a negative thought in the other person’s head if a prenup is discussed before the wedding, but if you are having trouble discussing money now, it will not get easier later. A discussion about you and your future spouses’ finances should be something that everyone considers before the marriage takes place. Discussing the finances does not have to be a negative discussion that you are afraid to have. Rather, it should be a well-thought-out discussion that can actually clear many misconceptions that you may both have. More Chicago Couples Are Seeking Prenups In our Chicago family law firm, we are seeing more and more people come in to get a prenup agreement before the marriage. In the past, the traditional marriage had the husband making more of the income and the wife stayed home with the children. Today, more and more women are taking over the financial responsibility and out-earning their spouses. More and more men are electing to stay home with the children. Naturally, then, we are seeing more and more people come in to put their financial arrangements on paper before the wedding. Don’t let others convince you that a discussion about your future finances is a bad thing or that it will cast a pall on the wedding festivities. I can assure you, it is a necessary conversation and one that can alleviate trouble later. Speak to a Divorce Attorney About the Benefits of a Prenup Agreement All in all, a healthy discussion about your finances should be the first thing a couple has a discussion about, and the failure to do that can lead to divorce. A discussion now with a divorce attorney can open your eyes as to the potential liabilities you will be facing should a divorce loom in your future. A Chicago divorce lawyer can give you the advice you need and help you craft a prenup agreement that is fair and reasonable. Before you meet with a prenuptial agreement attorney, think of how you both want to handle the assets that you’ve accumulated together. If you both bought a house together, but one put up the down payment, will your agreement allow that spouse to get their initial investment back? Will you decide to keep joint or separate accounts once you marry? No matter what you decide about a prenup, it’s important to go into marriage with your eyes open. Make sure you and your spouse are as open as possible about your finances and attitudes about money before you tie the knot. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/prenuptial-agreements/5-signs-you-may-need-a-prenup-agreement/ As Chicago divorce attorneys one of the common questions we're asked by clients is how the credit card debt gets divided in a divorce. When you get a divorce in Chicago the Illinois law requires all debts and assets accumulated by you and your spouse to be divided equitably. Equitably is not necessarily equally, however it could be.
Dividing Credit Card Debt in a Divorce There are many factors that are considered when dividing credit card debt and other debts in a divorce and the court will look at all the circumstances surrounding the debt that was incurred. If the debt was incurred during the marriage before anyone filed or before the marriage broke down, then it is likely considered a marital debt that has to be equitably divided based mainly upon each party’s income and ability to pay the debt. Once parties separate and accumulate debt after the separation, often times this is considered to be each spouse’s individual debt because it was accumulated after the breakdown of the marriage. However, in the event that one party has control of funds and is not providing support forcing the other to use debt or loans to pay for day-to-day expenses, in that instance it could be considered a marital debt even though it was incurred after someone has filed for divorce. Student Loan Debt There are a few exceptions to this and one of them is student loans. When one spouse attends college and takes out student loans during the marriage it is not necessarily a marital debt, it could be, but often time the student loan debt stays with the spouse who took out the loans. There are times when student loan debt is marital and in those situations is it often when both parties have obtained a benefit from the degree, or it was an agreement during the marriage that the debt was to be taken out for this purpose. Loans from Family Members One type of debt that comes up often during a divorce is loans from family members. It is often considered to be a gift when you come to the court requesting that your family member be paid back a debt that one spouse alleges, they have received from a family member. Without a written loan document signed by both parties and at least proof that a stream of repayments has been made back to that family member by both parties it is likely to be considered a debt of the spouse receiving the loan. The court often times will presume that if the debt has not been paid back by a showing of payments, then it may not have to be paid back and it will not be considered marital debt. Whose Name is on the Credit Card? It is important to know whose name is on the credit card as the guarantor of payment. Oftentimes it is just one spouse’s name is on the credit card and the other spouse may have been put on as an authorized user. You should always pull your credit report when you begin the divorce process to make sure you understand what debts are in your name. If a court orders your spouse to pay with a credit card that is in your name you want to make sure that gets paid so that your credit rating does not suffer. It is also very important to list all of your debts, including credit cards, on your financial affidavit. If you fail to list a debt on your financial affidavit it is difficult to ask the court to account of the debt when you are dividing the assets and liabilities. Disclosure of Credit Card and Other Loan Documents During the divorce proceedings you will likely have to exchange the credit card and other loan statements so that they can be reviewed to determine what was purchased with the credit or what the loan proceeds were used for and how payments are being made. This will allow both spouses to understand the nature of the debt in working towards a solution for payment. In the event there are charges on a credit card that have nothing to do with the marriage, such as gambling, excessive travel, unusual purchases that were not common during the marriage or purchases for someone else, those items may be excluded from what is considered marital debt. This is called dissipation and is defined as money spend during the marriage that has nothing to do with the marriage. Spouses can continue their normal spending routines and payment of normal household and day-to-day needs and expenses once a divorce is filed but they cannot run up large credit card bills in the hopes that the marital estate will have to pay. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/property-division/credit-card-debt-and-divorce-in-chicago/ Divorce is never an easy decision. However, should you have to stay in a toxic marriage for your child's benefit?
I am sure that you could ask this question to many different people and receive a different answer from everyone. Some people are committed to staying in a marriage even if it is toxic because they took a vow on their wedding day. I will not go as far as to say that this is just silly, but my answer would be very close to that view. 5 Toxic Marriage Situations Where Divorce May Be the Answer 1. Some Marriages Can Be Saved The question is, which ones are those? If you are merely bored or think your new co-worker is your new “soul-mate” then you might want to consider some counseling. I am a big fan of counseling and/or therapy to save your marriage. It does not happen a lot in my practice, but some people realize once they have decided to divorce that maybe the breakup was not such a good idea. We put those types of cases on the reconciliation calendar in the court system. I think if you can save your marriage in this type of situation, you should do all you can to keep your family complete. My opinion changes when I see domestic violence or other harmful behavior in a marriage, however. If your spouse beats you, is there any type of therapy that can change that behavior? Maybe. 2. Sometimes a Spouse Just Needs to Get Out of the Marriage In cases where a spouse is so demeaning, so disrespectful, or abusive, you need to get out. I see no reason to work on this type of relationship. Having your children watch how negatively you are treated will have a negative lifetime effect on them. Do you want your daughter or son to see marital relationships work in this way? Instead of talking about things, physical violence is used? It is for this same reason that I do not condone hitting children, but that subject is for a different day. Once hitting starts, it rarely stops. That kind of anger and rage is not something your spouse will fix overnight. You need to leave and take your children with you. 3. Leaving a Toxic Marriage Can Be Dangerous Many people that are the victim of domestic violence face more violence and aggression when they try to leave. That fear often keeps people in the home as they are too afraid to leave. Abusers may kill them or hurt their children, family members, and/or pets if they leave. A 2020 US Department of Justice study found in interviews with men who have killed their wives, that either threat of separation by their partner or actual separations were most often the precipitating events that lead to the murder. So what can you do to protect yourself? 4. Order of Protection An order of protection is one way to protect yourself from an abusive spouse. With the filing of a petition for an order of protection and the subsequent hearing, you can seek relief from the court requiring your spouse to stay away from you and your children. 5. Growing Up in an Abusive Home The biggest problem about people who stay in abusive marriages or relationships when they have kids is that the kids believe that violence is a normal part of a relationship. Even if your significant other is not hitting the children yet, they are witnessing a pattern of behavior that they will accept in their own adult lives. If children grow up, either witnessing or experiencing violence is the way to get their way or to resolve a conflict, you can bet that the children will behave in the same way. Children will pattern their parents' behavior and if violence is used for discipline or to control a person, then children believe that this is the way to resolve conflict. You can often spot children in school who grow up with abuse in the home. Those aggressive children - the bullies on the playground - I’d bet they witness quite a bit of aggression in their homes. Abusive partners tend to reinforce low self-esteem to make their victims feel unlovable. Victims are often told no one else would want them. The psychological damage on victims of abuse is immense and may result in victims having trouble making decisions, feeling dependent on their abusive partners, suffering from depression, or using drugs/alcohol for coping. At all costs, I would recommend getting out of this type of toxic relationship - marriage or not. Leaving a Toxic Marriage When You Have No Money In my work as a Chicago divorce attorney, a lot of people I speak to have a problem leaving an abusive partner because of a lack of money. An abuser will often keep their victims from obtaining or keeping employment for just this reason. Or there might not be enough money in the household for daycare, so the victim is unable to work. You should know though that there are many agencies out there that assist people just like that. There are many people willing to help, but the victim has to take the first step. It is not an easy step, but once the step is taken, you will have not only saved yourself, but saved your children from a lifetime of abuse. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/divorce/should-i-stay-in-a-toxic-marriage-to-protect-my-kids/ Selecting an attorney to represent you in your divorce is an important step that can have a lasting impact on your future. To aid you in the process we have prepared a list of questions important to ask in a divorce attorney consultation.
1. How long have you been practicing divorce law in Illinois? The most important question to ask during a divorce attorney consultation is about that attorney’s experience with Illinois divorce law. You want to make sure that the attorney that you hire to represent you in your divorce knows the divorce laws, the judges, the other attorneys in this arena and has several years of experience in representing litigants in divorce. 2. In what counties do you practice and where are most of your cases? You also want to ask the attorney about the geographical area that they practice in most often. This will give you the information you need about their familiarity with the judges, rules, and practitioners in the location where your divorce is going to be filed. 3. If I hire your law firm, will you be my divorce attorney? Many times potential clients will come into an attorney’s office to consult with an attorney and the attorney they consult with will not be their attorney. You want to understand if you are going to be represented by the person you meet with or once you retain the firm will you be represented by another attorney, such as an associate in the firm. If you want to be specifically represented by the person you are meeting with, that is fine but you have to make that known. Too many times I have had potential clients come to me saying that they interviewed and hired attorney X and firm X and they never saw that person again and were not happy with the attorney they have been working with. It is best to clear this up at your initial interview. 4. Do you feel you are a better negotiator for settlement or litigator for trial? During a divorce attorney consultation asking this question will open up the conversation about the attorney’s preference and thoughts on mediation versus litigation. If you have a preference to mediate a resolution, then you need to select an attorney that understands and believes in this. However, if you have a preference for getting the case ready for trial and having a judge decide the issues, then you need to make sure you have an attorney that is a strong litigator in the courtroom. 5. How can I help you move the case along? You will want to ask the attorney what there is that you can do to help move the case along. Attorneys need to know that you are interested in being an active participant in the case and will provide all of the information, documents, and details needed in a timely fashion so that your case can stay on track for either a mediated settlement or trial. 6. How and when do you do your billing? These questions will give you an understanding of how the attorney does their billing, what they bill for, how much, and when and how you will receive your bills. This will also let you know if they bill you for things such as administrative work, phone calls. Faxes, what the expenses are, and if there are any expenses that are incurred without consulting you first. In addition, you will find out what the attorney’s retainer fee is and how that retainer is used. Is the retainer kept in the client’s account until the end of the case and applied or refunded at the end of the case or it is used to pay expenses and fees as your case progresses. Also, it is important to know if they bill in 0.1 or 0.2 or .25 increments which means that the lowest amount billed will be either 0.1, 0.2 or 0.25 – and go up from there 0.2, 0.4, 0.25, etc. You will also want to ask if there will be others law firm staff working on your case and if so what their role will be and what their hourly rate will be. 7. How do you keep in touch with your client? This question will allow you to understand how they will relay information to you. Will it be via phone call, letter in the mail, email, text, etc. You will want to know what you will be made aware of and how. You will also want to let your attorney know during this part of the conversation whether or not you want to be at every court date or if you only want to be in court when required. The level of communication between the attorney and the client is driven by the client. If you want more or less communication, please make sure the divorce attorney understands. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/divorce/top-questions-you-should-ask-during-a-divorce-attorney-consultation/ Generally speaking, when there is an issue relative to the allocation of parental responsibilities and/or parenting time (formerly known as custody and visitation), the Courts in Illinois will first send the parties to mediation, prior to adjudicating any of the issues in Court. Using mediation in allocation of parental responsibilities disputes can be very effective.
What is Mediation? Mediation is the process where the two litigants meet with a neutral third party, a trained mediator, to try and resolve their differences prior to having hearings before a Judge. The only time mediation is waived is when there is a significant hindrance or impairment in the parties’ ability to participate in mediation, such as an order of protection, for example. However, in some cases, parties with an order of protection between them can still mediate. Some mediators will put these parties in separate rooms and shuffle back and forth so that they can still participate in this process. In Cook County, the county offers free mediation services. The services are with trained mediators, and there is no cost to the parties. However, it is very, very popular and the dates book up plenty far in advance. It is not unusual for parties to have a mediation order entered and then for them to not have another court date for 3-4 months, or more, because of how far out Cook County Mediation Services' available dates can be. Some issues are time-sensitive, so county mediation may not be the best option in those scenarios. There is also the possibility of the parties attending private mediation. Usually, a family law attorney or another individual who has completed mediation training can serve as a neutral third-party mediator, appointed by the Court. These individuals usually offer more flexibility in terms of scheduling and have appointments sooner than the county. The only issue with a private mediator is that they charge, and the two litigants generally have to share the costs. But, the flexibility in scheduling can help when there are more time-sensitive issues that need to be resolved. Benefits of Using Mediation in Allocation of Parental Responsibilities While mediation is often a mandated process in domestic relations cases, it is not at all a bad option for resolving issues between the parties. One of the biggest benefits to using mediation is that the parties are creating their own agreement, together. When parties create an agreement together, they are more likely to follow through with it than they are if the Judge decides a specific issue. Compliance can be a very expensive process after the case is finalized when someone is not cooperating, so the likelihood of cooperation by all parties involved is a huge benefit. The children also can tell when their parents are at each other’s throats, or when their parents are stressed out during litigation, and it can cause a ripple effect in the home. The parents' engagement in mediation is likely to be less stressful than going to court to litigating the case and the children will certainly pick up on this at home while the process is ongoing. Additionally, the parents are more in control of the outcome than if a judge was making a determination. Judges' decisions can be “all or nothing” and that is a substantial risk to take when parties have to go to Court and request relief. You could end up with everything you want, or you could end up with nothing you want. Mediation at least is a way to guarantee that the parties will obtain some of the things they are looking for, without the stress and cost of having to litigate. For example, a parent may really want the allocation of education decision-making for one of their children, due to their involvement in this issue previously and the special needs of a child as it relates to education. The other parent may not care much about having joint allocation of parental responsibilities for education, but they may want to have final decision-making authority for extra-curricular activities because they have always been involved in that. The parties could agree in mediation to each take sole allocation for education and extra-curricular activities, respectively, and do joint allocation on religion and healthcare. If they go to Court, they could risk the Judge giving someone sole allocation in all four areas, or joint allocation in all four areas, which is something neither party wanted. So, mediation provides a forum where parties can use a neutral third party to try to compromise on a joint solution that everyone can be satisfied with. Overall, mediation is a great solution to try and have parents resolve their differences on their own, without leaving issues like allocation of parental responsibilities up to a Judge to decide. THIS ARTICLE WAS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED AT: https://illinoislawforyou.com/mediation/mediation-in-allocation-of-parental-responsibilities-disputes/ |
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